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Current Research Perspectives on Pharmacological and Non-Pharmacological Treatment Options for Myopia

Received: 12 September 2022     Accepted: 14 November 2022     Published: 22 November 2022
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Abstract

Myopia is primarily a cause of impaired vision in people under the age of 40, if left uncorrected. However, high myopia can result in uncorrectable vision loss through the development of pathological myopia, but this generally does not become a significant issue until people are aged 50 and over. Even though high prevalence of myopia is currently restricted to school-age children in the countries of East Asia, namely South Korea, Japan, China, including Hong Kong and Macau, Taiwan, and Singapore in Southeast Asia, by the year 2050, roughly half the people on the planet will be myopic. Major risk factors associated with myopia are related to environmental factors and cultural demands requiring children to undergo extensive schooling which results in reduction of time outdoors in natural light. High myopia is a significant risk factor for serious ocular conditions such as glaucoma, macular degeneration, early onset of retinal detachment and cataracts. A variety of therapeutic options are available to slow the advancement of the disease and significantly correct the condition. In recent years, several novel treatment strategies and approaches have been evaluated in clinical trials and have altered the therapeutic landscape for myopia. This review will summarize the epidemiology of this disease, cover some recent clinical advances, and existing and novel treatment options to combat myopia. Pharmacological options include muscarinic receptor antagonists, FP-class prostaglandins, and certain neurotrophic blockers including vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) inhibitors. The nonpharmacological treatment options include multifocal soft contact lenses, orthokeratology, and exposure to outdoor light. A brief discourse on the laboratory science related to animal models and discovery research of novel anti-myopic drugs will also be presented.

Published in International Journal of Ophthalmology & Visual Science (Volume 7, Issue 4)
DOI 10.11648/j.ijovs.20220704.13
Page(s) 111-125
Creative Commons

This is an Open Access article, distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, provided the original work is properly cited.

Copyright

Copyright © The Author(s), 2022. Published by Science Publishing Group

Keywords

Myopia, Myopia Treatment, Myopia Clinical Trials, Prevalence of Myopia, Quality of Life in Myopia, Myopia Progression

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    Nozhat Choudry, Hanna Rao, Najam Arfeen Sharif. (2022). Current Research Perspectives on Pharmacological and Non-Pharmacological Treatment Options for Myopia. International Journal of Ophthalmology & Visual Science, 7(4), 111-125. https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ijovs.20220704.13

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    ACS Style

    Nozhat Choudry; Hanna Rao; Najam Arfeen Sharif. Current Research Perspectives on Pharmacological and Non-Pharmacological Treatment Options for Myopia. Int. J. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci. 2022, 7(4), 111-125. doi: 10.11648/j.ijovs.20220704.13

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    AMA Style

    Nozhat Choudry, Hanna Rao, Najam Arfeen Sharif. Current Research Perspectives on Pharmacological and Non-Pharmacological Treatment Options for Myopia. Int J Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2022;7(4):111-125. doi: 10.11648/j.ijovs.20220704.13

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  • @article{10.11648/j.ijovs.20220704.13,
      author = {Nozhat Choudry and Hanna Rao and Najam Arfeen Sharif},
      title = {Current Research Perspectives on Pharmacological and Non-Pharmacological Treatment Options for Myopia},
      journal = {International Journal of Ophthalmology & Visual Science},
      volume = {7},
      number = {4},
      pages = {111-125},
      doi = {10.11648/j.ijovs.20220704.13},
      url = {https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ijovs.20220704.13},
      eprint = {https://article.sciencepublishinggroup.com/pdf/10.11648.j.ijovs.20220704.13},
      abstract = {Myopia is primarily a cause of impaired vision in people under the age of 40, if left uncorrected. However, high myopia can result in uncorrectable vision loss through the development of pathological myopia, but this generally does not become a significant issue until people are aged 50 and over. Even though high prevalence of myopia is currently restricted to school-age children in the countries of East Asia, namely South Korea, Japan, China, including Hong Kong and Macau, Taiwan, and Singapore in Southeast Asia, by the year 2050, roughly half the people on the planet will be myopic. Major risk factors associated with myopia are related to environmental factors and cultural demands requiring children to undergo extensive schooling which results in reduction of time outdoors in natural light. High myopia is a significant risk factor for serious ocular conditions such as glaucoma, macular degeneration, early onset of retinal detachment and cataracts. A variety of therapeutic options are available to slow the advancement of the disease and significantly correct the condition. In recent years, several novel treatment strategies and approaches have been evaluated in clinical trials and have altered the therapeutic landscape for myopia. This review will summarize the epidemiology of this disease, cover some recent clinical advances, and existing and novel treatment options to combat myopia. Pharmacological options include muscarinic receptor antagonists, FP-class prostaglandins, and certain neurotrophic blockers including vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) inhibitors. The nonpharmacological treatment options include multifocal soft contact lenses, orthokeratology, and exposure to outdoor light. A brief discourse on the laboratory science related to animal models and discovery research of novel anti-myopic drugs will also be presented.},
     year = {2022}
    }
    

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  • TY  - JOUR
    T1  - Current Research Perspectives on Pharmacological and Non-Pharmacological Treatment Options for Myopia
    AU  - Nozhat Choudry
    AU  - Hanna Rao
    AU  - Najam Arfeen Sharif
    Y1  - 2022/11/22
    PY  - 2022
    N1  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ijovs.20220704.13
    DO  - 10.11648/j.ijovs.20220704.13
    T2  - International Journal of Ophthalmology & Visual Science
    JF  - International Journal of Ophthalmology & Visual Science
    JO  - International Journal of Ophthalmology & Visual Science
    SP  - 111
    EP  - 125
    PB  - Science Publishing Group
    SN  - 2637-3858
    UR  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ijovs.20220704.13
    AB  - Myopia is primarily a cause of impaired vision in people under the age of 40, if left uncorrected. However, high myopia can result in uncorrectable vision loss through the development of pathological myopia, but this generally does not become a significant issue until people are aged 50 and over. Even though high prevalence of myopia is currently restricted to school-age children in the countries of East Asia, namely South Korea, Japan, China, including Hong Kong and Macau, Taiwan, and Singapore in Southeast Asia, by the year 2050, roughly half the people on the planet will be myopic. Major risk factors associated with myopia are related to environmental factors and cultural demands requiring children to undergo extensive schooling which results in reduction of time outdoors in natural light. High myopia is a significant risk factor for serious ocular conditions such as glaucoma, macular degeneration, early onset of retinal detachment and cataracts. A variety of therapeutic options are available to slow the advancement of the disease and significantly correct the condition. In recent years, several novel treatment strategies and approaches have been evaluated in clinical trials and have altered the therapeutic landscape for myopia. This review will summarize the epidemiology of this disease, cover some recent clinical advances, and existing and novel treatment options to combat myopia. Pharmacological options include muscarinic receptor antagonists, FP-class prostaglandins, and certain neurotrophic blockers including vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) inhibitors. The nonpharmacological treatment options include multifocal soft contact lenses, orthokeratology, and exposure to outdoor light. A brief discourse on the laboratory science related to animal models and discovery research of novel anti-myopic drugs will also be presented.
    VL  - 7
    IS  - 4
    ER  - 

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Author Information
  • Global Alliances and External Research, Santen Innovation Center, Santen Inc., Emeryville, USA

  • Arts & Science Program, MacMaster University, Hamilton, Canada

  • Global Alliances and External Research, Santen Innovation Center, Santen Inc., Emeryville, USA

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