| Peer-Reviewed

Prevalence of Myopia and Associated Risk Factors Among Primary Students in the Period of Online Study During COVID-19: A Cross-Sectional Study in Guangzhou

Received: 17 October 2020     Accepted: 27 October 2020     Published: 4 November 2020
Views:       Downloads:
Abstract

Introduction: To investigates the impact of online study during COVID-19 on myopia in Chinese primary school students and to further analyze the influencing factors of myopia, so as to provide theoretical basis for prevention and control of myopia. Objectives: Cross-sectional study. A total of 905 primary school students from grade 1-6 in Guangzhou city were included in the study. Data were collected from uncorrected visual acuity (UCVA), non-cycloplegic photo refraction and an online questionnaire. Myopia was defined as visual acuity < 1.0 or spherical equivalent (SE) of ≤ − 0.50 diopters (D) in either eye. Chi-square and binary logistic regression analysis were applied to investigate the prevalence of myopia for different groups and potential risk factors on myopia. Results: A total of 905 students were evaluated. The mean (standard deviation) age was 9.7(±1.82) years. 699 students were identified to have myopic refractive error making the prevalence of 77.2% ([95% confidence interval (CI): 75.5%–80.0%]; myopia prevalence significantly increased with grade level, from 61.9% (95% CI: 54.0%–69.8%) at grade 1 to 84.0% (95% CI: 80.5%–90.1%) at grade 6. Low myopia (-3.0 D≤ SE ≤ -0.50 D) was account for 83.5% (95% CI: 80.3%–86.3%) among the myopia group, with the mean (standard deviation) SE (-1.32±0.66) D. Compared with children without myopia, the dry symptoms were more serious in myopic students (81.8% vs. 25.2%, χ2 = 5.811, P = 0.016). Moreover, myopia prevalence significantly differences among different exposure natural light level (χ2 = 8.382, P = 0.039). Binary logistic regression analysis showed children who spent more time on online-study or had higher grade level had a higher risk of myopia (OR: 1.147, 95% CI: 1.044–1.259; OR: 1.147, 95% CI: 1.044-1.259). Conclusions: The prevalence of myopia in primary school students from grade 1 to grade 6 in Guangzhou city is higher than previous study conducted in Guangzhou after the online-study during COVID-19. Myopia was significantly positively associated with higher grade, spending a less time outdoors; notably, playing with electronics had the greatest influence on the risk of myopia.

Published in International Journal of Ophthalmology & Visual Science (Volume 5, Issue 4)
DOI 10.11648/j.ijovs.20200504.11
Page(s) 84-89
Creative Commons

This is an Open Access article, distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, provided the original work is properly cited.

Copyright

Copyright © The Author(s), 2020. Published by Science Publishing Group

Keywords

Myopia, Primary School Student, Online Study, COVID-19, Cross-Sectional Study

References
[1] Resnikoff S, Pascolinia D, Mariott S P, et al. Global magnitude of visual impairment caused by uncorrected refractive errors in 2004. Bull World Health Organ, 1, 63-70 (2008).
[2] Wu P C, Huang H M, Yu H J, et al. Epidemiology of Myopia. Asia Pac J Ophthalmol (Phila), 6, 386-393 (2016).
[3] Holden B A, Fricke T R, Wilson D A, et al. Global Prevalence of Myopia and High Myopia and Temporal Trends from 2000 through 2050. Ophthalmology, 5, 1036-1042 (2016).
[4] Lin L L K, Shih Y F, Hsiao C K, et al. Prevalence of myopia in Taiwanese schoolchildren: 1983 to 2000. Ann Acad Med Singap, 1, 27-33 (2004).
[5] Grzybowski A, Kanclerz P, Tsubota K, et al. A review on the epidemiology of myopia in school children worldwide. Bmc Ophthalmol, 1 (2020).
[6] Morgan I G, French A N, Ashby R S, et al. The epidemics of myopia: Aetiology and prevention. Prog Retin Eye Res, 62, 134-149 (2018).
[7] Morgan I, Rose K. How genetic is school myopia? Prog Retin Eye Res, 1, 1-38 (2005).
[8] Low W, Dirani M, Gazzard G, et al. Family history, near work, outdoor activity, and myopia in Singapore Chinese preschool children. Br J Ophthalmol, 8, 1012-1016 (2010).
[9] Saw S M, Goh P P, Cheng A, et al. Ethnicity-specific prevalences of refractive errors vary in Asian children in neighbouring Malaysia and Singapore. Br J Ophthalmol, 10, 1230-1235 (2006).
[10] Tideman J W L, Polling J R, Hofman A, et al. Environmental factors explain socioeconomic prevalence differences in myopia in 6-year-old children. Br J Ophthalmol, 2, 243-247 (2018).
[11] Ayaki M, Torii H, Tsubota K, et al. Decreased sleep quality in high myopia children. Sci Rep, 6 (2016).
[12] Xie Z, Long Y, Wang J, et al. Prevalence of myopia and associated risk factors among primary students in Chongqing: multilevel modeling. Bmc Ophthalmol, 1 (2020).
[13] Gong Y, Zhang X, Tian D, et al. Parental myopia, near work, hours of sleep and myopia in Chinese children. Health, 06, 64-70 (2014).
[14] Choy B N K, You Q, Zhu M M, et al. Prevalence and associations of myopia in Hong Kong primary school students. Jpn J Ophthalmol, 4, 437-449 (2020).
[15] Guo L, Yang J, Mai J, et al. Prevalence and associated factors of myopia among primary and middle school-aged students: a school-based study in Guangzhou. Eye, 6, 796-804 (2016).
[16] Rim T H, Kim S-H, Lim K H, et al. Refractive Errors in Koreans: The Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2008-2012. Korean J Ophthalmol, 3, 214-24 (2016).
[17] Galvis V, Tello A, Otero J, et al. Refractive errors in children and adolescents in Bucaramanga (Colombia). Arq Bras Oftalmol, 6, 359-363 (2017).
[18] Wajuihian S O, Hansraj R. Refractive Error in a Sample of Black High School Children in South Africa. Optom Vis Sci, 12, 1145-1152 (2017).
[19] Chua S Y L, Sabanayagam C, Cheung Y-B, et al. Age of onset of myopia predicts risk of high myopia in later childhood in myopic Singapore children. Ophthalmic Physiol Opt, 4, 388-394 (2016).
[20] Ku P-W, Steptoe A, Lai Y-J, et al. The Associations between Near Visual Activity and Incident Myopia in Children A Nationwide 4-Year Follow-up Study. Ophthalmology, 2, 214-220 (2019).
[21] Rose K A, Morgan I G, Ip J, et al. Outdoor activity reduces the prevalence of myopia in children. Ophthalmology, 8, 1279-1285 (2008).
[22] Jones L A, Sinnott L T, Mutti D O, et al. Parental history of myopia, sports and outdoor activities, and future myopia. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci, 8, 3524-3532 (2007).
[23] Goldschmidt E, Jacobsen N. Genetic and environmental effects on myopia development and progression. Eye, 2, 126-133 (2014).
[24] Yotsukura E, Torii H, Inokuchi M, et al. Current Prevalence of Myopia and Association of Myopia With Environmental Factors Among Schoolchildren in Japan. Jama Ophthalmol, 11, 1233-1239 (2019).
[25] Landis E G, Yang V, Brown D M, et al. Dim Light Exposure and Myopia in Children. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci, 12, 4804-4811 (2018).
Cite This Article
  • APA Style

    Fangyuan Chen, Xiaojuan He, Junjie Tang, Yuanting Yang, Monzer Fatfat, et al. (2020). Prevalence of Myopia and Associated Risk Factors Among Primary Students in the Period of Online Study During COVID-19: A Cross-Sectional Study in Guangzhou. International Journal of Ophthalmology & Visual Science, 5(4), 84-89. https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ijovs.20200504.11

    Copy | Download

    ACS Style

    Fangyuan Chen; Xiaojuan He; Junjie Tang; Yuanting Yang; Monzer Fatfat, et al. Prevalence of Myopia and Associated Risk Factors Among Primary Students in the Period of Online Study During COVID-19: A Cross-Sectional Study in Guangzhou. Int. J. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci. 2020, 5(4), 84-89. doi: 10.11648/j.ijovs.20200504.11

    Copy | Download

    AMA Style

    Fangyuan Chen, Xiaojuan He, Junjie Tang, Yuanting Yang, Monzer Fatfat, et al. Prevalence of Myopia and Associated Risk Factors Among Primary Students in the Period of Online Study During COVID-19: A Cross-Sectional Study in Guangzhou. Int J Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2020;5(4):84-89. doi: 10.11648/j.ijovs.20200504.11

    Copy | Download

  • @article{10.11648/j.ijovs.20200504.11,
      author = {Fangyuan Chen and Xiaojuan He and Junjie Tang and Yuanting Yang and Monzer Fatfat and Jian Chen and Qing Zhou},
      title = {Prevalence of Myopia and Associated Risk Factors Among Primary Students in the Period of Online Study During COVID-19: A Cross-Sectional Study in Guangzhou},
      journal = {International Journal of Ophthalmology & Visual Science},
      volume = {5},
      number = {4},
      pages = {84-89},
      doi = {10.11648/j.ijovs.20200504.11},
      url = {https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ijovs.20200504.11},
      eprint = {https://article.sciencepublishinggroup.com/pdf/10.11648.j.ijovs.20200504.11},
      abstract = {Introduction: To investigates the impact of online study during COVID-19 on myopia in Chinese primary school students and to further analyze the influencing factors of myopia, so as to provide theoretical basis for prevention and control of myopia. Objectives: Cross-sectional study. A total of 905 primary school students from grade 1-6 in Guangzhou city were included in the study. Data were collected from uncorrected visual acuity (UCVA), non-cycloplegic photo refraction and an online questionnaire. Myopia was defined as visual acuity 2 = 5.811, P = 0.016). Moreover, myopia prevalence significantly differences among different exposure natural light level (χ2 = 8.382, P = 0.039). Binary logistic regression analysis showed children who spent more time on online-study or had higher grade level had a higher risk of myopia (OR: 1.147, 95% CI: 1.044–1.259; OR: 1.147, 95% CI: 1.044-1.259). Conclusions: The prevalence of myopia in primary school students from grade 1 to grade 6 in Guangzhou city is higher than previous study conducted in Guangzhou after the online-study during COVID-19. Myopia was significantly positively associated with higher grade, spending a less time outdoors; notably, playing with electronics had the greatest influence on the risk of myopia.},
     year = {2020}
    }
    

    Copy | Download

  • TY  - JOUR
    T1  - Prevalence of Myopia and Associated Risk Factors Among Primary Students in the Period of Online Study During COVID-19: A Cross-Sectional Study in Guangzhou
    AU  - Fangyuan Chen
    AU  - Xiaojuan He
    AU  - Junjie Tang
    AU  - Yuanting Yang
    AU  - Monzer Fatfat
    AU  - Jian Chen
    AU  - Qing Zhou
    Y1  - 2020/11/04
    PY  - 2020
    N1  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ijovs.20200504.11
    DO  - 10.11648/j.ijovs.20200504.11
    T2  - International Journal of Ophthalmology & Visual Science
    JF  - International Journal of Ophthalmology & Visual Science
    JO  - International Journal of Ophthalmology & Visual Science
    SP  - 84
    EP  - 89
    PB  - Science Publishing Group
    SN  - 2637-3858
    UR  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ijovs.20200504.11
    AB  - Introduction: To investigates the impact of online study during COVID-19 on myopia in Chinese primary school students and to further analyze the influencing factors of myopia, so as to provide theoretical basis for prevention and control of myopia. Objectives: Cross-sectional study. A total of 905 primary school students from grade 1-6 in Guangzhou city were included in the study. Data were collected from uncorrected visual acuity (UCVA), non-cycloplegic photo refraction and an online questionnaire. Myopia was defined as visual acuity 2 = 5.811, P = 0.016). Moreover, myopia prevalence significantly differences among different exposure natural light level (χ2 = 8.382, P = 0.039). Binary logistic regression analysis showed children who spent more time on online-study or had higher grade level had a higher risk of myopia (OR: 1.147, 95% CI: 1.044–1.259; OR: 1.147, 95% CI: 1.044-1.259). Conclusions: The prevalence of myopia in primary school students from grade 1 to grade 6 in Guangzhou city is higher than previous study conducted in Guangzhou after the online-study during COVID-19. Myopia was significantly positively associated with higher grade, spending a less time outdoors; notably, playing with electronics had the greatest influence on the risk of myopia.
    VL  - 5
    IS  - 4
    ER  - 

    Copy | Download

Author Information
  • First School of Clinical Medicine, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China

  • Department of Ophthalmology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University, Guangzhou, China

  • First School of Clinical Medicine, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China

  • First School of Clinical Medicine, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China

  • First School of Clinical Medicine, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China

  • Department of Ophthalmology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University, Guangzhou, China

  • Department of Ophthalmology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University, Guangzhou, China

  • Sections