Ageing and Resultant Changing Gender Roles of Farmers’ Involvement in Cocoa Production in Ekiti State, Nigeria

Ayodele Omowunmi Veronica

doi:doi:10.11648/j.aff.20200903.11

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Ageing and Resultant Changing Gender Roles of Farmers’ Involvement in Cocoa Production in Ekiti State, Nigeria

Ayodele Omowunmi Veronica

Published in Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries (Volume 9, Issue 3)

Received: 24 October 2019 Accepted: 21 November 2019 Published: 28 May 2020

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Abstract

Ageing is inevitable and it will undoubtedly affect farmers’ involvement in agricultural activities. The study examined the changing patterns of involvement of male and female in cocoa production activities as they age in Ekiti State, Nigeria. Multi-stage sampling technique was used to select 90 males and 50 females cocoa farmers who were below 50 years and above 50 years for the research and were interviewed with structured questionnaire. Descriptive and inferential statistics were used to analyze the data. Results showed that the mean age for males was 54 years and 52 years for females. Involvement in organisation decision making was higher for male (48.8%) than for female (29.1%). The result of the four point Likert rating scale on changing pattern of involvement with respect to age showed that both male and female were always involved in all cocoa production activities when they were less than 50 years old. “Always involved” had the least of 55.8% for choosing of farm site and highest of 81.4% for marketing, hiring of labourers and sourcing for fund. However, females had low level of involvement for all the activities when they were above 50 years, while the males had high level of involvement for only two activities; marketing and sourcing for fund when above 50 years. The t-test result revealed a difference in the level of involvement of respondents when below 50 years and above 50 years with mean of 2.8 and 1.68 respectively, (t=4.68, p ≤ 0.05). Conclusively, age affected the involvement of farmers in most cocoa production activities. As a result, recruitment of younger farmers in cocoa production was recommended.

Published in	Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries (Volume 9, Issue 3)
DOI	10.11648/j.aff.20200903.11
Page(s)	39-44
Creative Commons	This is an Open Access article, distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, provided the original work is properly cited.
Copyright	Copyright © The Author(s), 2020. Published by Science Publishing Group

Keywords

Age, Involvement, Gender, Farmers, and Cocoa

References

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[14]	Aidoo, R. and Fromm, I. (2015). Willingness to Adopt Certific ations and Sustainable Production Methods among Small-Scale Cocoa Farmers in the Ashanti Region of Ghana. Journal of Sustainable Development; 8 (1), 33. URL. http//dx.doi.org/10.5539/jsd.v8n1p33.
[15]	Ayodele, O. V., Fasina, O. O. and Awoyemi, A. A. (2016): Gender Analysis of Farmers’ Access to Production Resources in Ekiti State, Nigeria. Journal of Applied Tropical Agriculture. 21 (3): 131-137.
[16]	Ademola, A. O. (2016). Livelihood outcomes of beneficiaries of university-based agricultural extension system in south-western Nigeria. Unpublished PhD thesis, Department of Agricultural Extension and Rural Development, University of Ibadan.
[17]	Nkamleu, G. B., Nyemeck J. and Gockowski, J. (2010). Technology Gap and Efficiency in Cocoa Production in West and Central Africa: Implications for Cocoa Sector Development, Working Papers Series No. 104, African Development Bank, Tunisia.
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APA Style

Ayodele Omowunmi Veronica. (2020). Ageing and Resultant Changing Gender Roles of Farmers’ Involvement in Cocoa Production in Ekiti State, Nigeria. Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries, 9(3), 39-44. https://doi.org/10.11648/j.aff.20200903.11

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Ayodele Omowunmi Veronica. Ageing and Resultant Changing Gender Roles of Farmers’ Involvement in Cocoa Production in Ekiti State, Nigeria. Agric. For. Fish. 2020, 9(3), 39-44. doi: 10.11648/j.aff.20200903.11

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AMA Style

Ayodele Omowunmi Veronica. Ageing and Resultant Changing Gender Roles of Farmers’ Involvement in Cocoa Production in Ekiti State, Nigeria. Agric For Fish. 2020;9(3):39-44. doi: 10.11648/j.aff.20200903.11

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@article{10.11648/j.aff.20200903.11,
  author = {Ayodele Omowunmi Veronica},
  title = {Ageing and Resultant Changing Gender Roles of Farmers’ Involvement in Cocoa Production in Ekiti State, Nigeria},
  journal = {Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries},
  volume = {9},
  number = {3},
  pages = {39-44},
  doi = {10.11648/j.aff.20200903.11},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.11648/j.aff.20200903.11},
  eprint = {https://article.sciencepublishinggroup.com/pdf/10.11648.j.aff.20200903.11},
  abstract = {Ageing is inevitable and it will undoubtedly affect farmers’ involvement in agricultural activities. The study examined the changing patterns of involvement of male and female in cocoa production activities as they age in Ekiti State, Nigeria. Multi-stage sampling technique was used to select 90 males and 50 females cocoa farmers who were below 50 years and above 50 years for the research and were interviewed with structured questionnaire. Descriptive and inferential statistics were used to analyze the data. Results showed that the mean age for males was 54 years and 52 years for females. Involvement in organisation decision making was higher for male (48.8%) than for female (29.1%). The result of the four point Likert rating scale on changing pattern of involvement with respect to age showed that both male and female were always involved in all cocoa production activities when they were less than 50 years old. “Always involved” had the least of 55.8% for choosing of farm site and highest of 81.4% for marketing, hiring of labourers and sourcing for fund. However, females had low level of involvement for all the activities when they were above 50 years, while the males had high level of involvement for only two activities; marketing and sourcing for fund when above 50 years. The t-test result revealed a difference in the level of involvement of respondents when below 50 years and above 50 years with mean of 2.8 and 1.68 respectively, (t=4.68, p ≤ 0.05). Conclusively, age affected the involvement of farmers in most cocoa production activities. As a result, recruitment of younger farmers in cocoa production was recommended.},
 year = {2020}
}

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TY - JOUR
T1 - Ageing and Resultant Changing Gender Roles of Farmers’ Involvement in Cocoa Production in Ekiti State, Nigeria
AU - Ayodele Omowunmi Veronica
Y1 - 2020/05/28
PY - 2020
N1 - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.aff.20200903.11
DO - 10.11648/j.aff.20200903.11
T2 - Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries
JF - Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries
JO - Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries
SP - 39
EP - 44
PB - Science Publishing Group
SN - 2328-5648
UR - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.aff.20200903.11
AB - Ageing is inevitable and it will undoubtedly affect farmers’ involvement in agricultural activities. The study examined the changing patterns of involvement of male and female in cocoa production activities as they age in Ekiti State, Nigeria. Multi-stage sampling technique was used to select 90 males and 50 females cocoa farmers who were below 50 years and above 50 years for the research and were interviewed with structured questionnaire. Descriptive and inferential statistics were used to analyze the data. Results showed that the mean age for males was 54 years and 52 years for females. Involvement in organisation decision making was higher for male (48.8%) than for female (29.1%). The result of the four point Likert rating scale on changing pattern of involvement with respect to age showed that both male and female were always involved in all cocoa production activities when they were less than 50 years old. “Always involved” had the least of 55.8% for choosing of farm site and highest of 81.4% for marketing, hiring of labourers and sourcing for fund. However, females had low level of involvement for all the activities when they were above 50 years, while the males had high level of involvement for only two activities; marketing and sourcing for fund when above 50 years. The t-test result revealed a difference in the level of involvement of respondents when below 50 years and above 50 years with mean of 2.8 and 1.68 respectively, (t=4.68, p ≤ 0.05). Conclusively, age affected the involvement of farmers in most cocoa production activities. As a result, recruitment of younger farmers in cocoa production was recommended.
VL - 9
IS - 3
ER -

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Ayodele Omowunmi Veronica

Department of Agricultural Extension and Communication Technology, Federal University of Technology, Akure, Nigeria

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APA Style

Ayodele Omowunmi Veronica. (2020). Ageing and Resultant Changing Gender Roles of Farmers’ Involvement in Cocoa Production in Ekiti State, Nigeria. Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries, 9(3), 39-44. https://doi.org/10.11648/j.aff.20200903.11

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ACS Style

Ayodele Omowunmi Veronica. Ageing and Resultant Changing Gender Roles of Farmers’ Involvement in Cocoa Production in Ekiti State, Nigeria. Agric. For. Fish. 2020, 9(3), 39-44. doi: 10.11648/j.aff.20200903.11

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AMA Style

Ayodele Omowunmi Veronica. Ageing and Resultant Changing Gender Roles of Farmers’ Involvement in Cocoa Production in Ekiti State, Nigeria. Agric For Fish. 2020;9(3):39-44. doi: 10.11648/j.aff.20200903.11

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@article{10.11648/j.aff.20200903.11,
  author = {Ayodele Omowunmi Veronica},
  title = {Ageing and Resultant Changing Gender Roles of Farmers’ Involvement in Cocoa Production in Ekiti State, Nigeria},
  journal = {Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries},
  volume = {9},
  number = {3},
  pages = {39-44},
  doi = {10.11648/j.aff.20200903.11},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.11648/j.aff.20200903.11},
  eprint = {https://article.sciencepublishinggroup.com/pdf/10.11648.j.aff.20200903.11},
  abstract = {Ageing is inevitable and it will undoubtedly affect farmers’ involvement in agricultural activities. The study examined the changing patterns of involvement of male and female in cocoa production activities as they age in Ekiti State, Nigeria. Multi-stage sampling technique was used to select 90 males and 50 females cocoa farmers who were below 50 years and above 50 years for the research and were interviewed with structured questionnaire. Descriptive and inferential statistics were used to analyze the data. Results showed that the mean age for males was 54 years and 52 years for females. Involvement in organisation decision making was higher for male (48.8%) than for female (29.1%). The result of the four point Likert rating scale on changing pattern of involvement with respect to age showed that both male and female were always involved in all cocoa production activities when they were less than 50 years old. “Always involved” had the least of 55.8% for choosing of farm site and highest of 81.4% for marketing, hiring of labourers and sourcing for fund. However, females had low level of involvement for all the activities when they were above 50 years, while the males had high level of involvement for only two activities; marketing and sourcing for fund when above 50 years. The t-test result revealed a difference in the level of involvement of respondents when below 50 years and above 50 years with mean of 2.8 and 1.68 respectively, (t=4.68, p ≤ 0.05). Conclusively, age affected the involvement of farmers in most cocoa production activities. As a result, recruitment of younger farmers in cocoa production was recommended.},
 year = {2020}
}

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